Fueling Concerns Over U.S.-China Economic - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 963 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Gang Violence Essay Did you like this example? Fueling concerns over U.S.-China economic imbalances and yet again questioning the relationship between both superpowers. August 2010, China Becomes Worlds Second-Largest Economy. China and surpasses Japan as the worlds second-largest economy after it is valued at $1.33 trillion for the second quarter of 2010, slightly above Japans $1.28 trillion for that year. Which is a ridiculous amount of money and brings concern to the United States. China is on track to overtake the United States as the worlds number one economy by 2027, according to Goldman Sachs chief economist Jim ONeill. Chinas success comes from the U.S. and all the help weve given them over the years for China to recover and deal with their issues. In an essay for Foreign Policy, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton outlines a U.S. pivot to Asia. Clintons call for increased investment†diplomatic, economic, strategic, and otherwise†in the Asia-Pacific region is seen as a move to counter Chinas growing clout. U.S. President Barack Obama announces the United States and eight other nations have reached an agreement on the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a multinational free trade agreement. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Fueling Concerns Over U.S.-China Economic" essay for you Create order The U.S. trade deficit with China rises from $273.1 billion in 2010 to an all-time high of $295.5 billion in 2011(U.S. Relations With China,Timeline). The increase accounts for three-quarters of the growth in the U.S. trade deficit for 2011. In March, the United States, the EU, and Japan file a request for consultations with China at the World Trade Organization over its restrictions on exporting rare earth metals. China is not happy with this and agreements about trade continue to grow. U.S. President Barack Obama hosts Chinese President Xi Jinping for a shirt-sleeves summit in a bid to build a personal rapport with his counterpart and ease tense U.S.-China relations. Obama and Xi also vow to establish a new model of relations, a nod to Xis concept of establishing a new type of great power relations for the United States and China. February 9, 2017 Trump Affirms One China Policy After Raising Doubts. U.S. President Donald J. Trump says he will honor the One China policy in a call with Chinese President Xi Jinping. After winning the presidential election, Trump breaks with established practice by speaking on the telephone with Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen and questioning the U.S. commitment to its One China policy. March 22, 2018 Trump Tariffs Target China which now raises more concern. The Trump administration announces sweeping tariffs on Chinese imports, worth at least $50 billion, in response to what the White House alleges is Chinese theft of U.S. technology and intellectual property. Also putting tariffs on steel and aluminum imports, target goods including clothing, shoes, and electronics which restrict some Chinese investment in the United States. July 6, 2018 the U.S.-China Trade War Escalates. The Trump administration imposes fresh tariffs totaling $34 billion worth of Chinese goods. More than eight hundred Chinese products in the industrial and transport sectors, as well as goods such as televisions and medical devices, will face a 25 percent import tax. China retaliates with its own tariffs on more than five hundred U.S. products. The reprisal, also valued around $34 billion, targets commodities such as beef, dairy, seafood, and soybeans. President Trump and members of his administration believe that China is ripping off the United States, taking advantage of free trade rules to the detriment of U.S. firms operating in China. Beijing criticizes the Trump administrations moves as trade bullying and cautions that tariffs could trigger global market unrest. When Donald Trump became US President he promised to Make America Great Again. Part of his plan is to radically change how US trade deals work and to focus on protecting the domestic economy. With these new protectionist policies, President Trumps main goal is to reduce the flow of Chinese imports and push American consumers to buy domestically-made products. The president believes this is the best way to close the trade deficit between the US and China. Donald Trumps trade war could potentially drag in products from other American trade partners, undermining relations. This also risks a chain reaction as countries start clamping down on partners, which then retaliate(Palumbo, Daniele, 2018). Since 1992, China has played an extremely important role in the US trade. A full-blown trade war between the United States and China is likely to damage the economies of American allies such as South Korea, Japan and Taiwan because they supply the bulk of components and raw materials used in the exports targeted by Donald Trump. Escalation of the trade friction between the US and China would have a negative impact elsewhere too, as international trade, confidence and investment is hit at a sensitive time for the global economy, Louis Kuijs, the Hong Kong-based head of Asia research with Oxford Economics said. Now that the China trade issue has had so much light shone on it and has caused bipartisan disquiet in the US, Trump and many in Congress seem determined to change organically the trade relationship between the two countries. It is hard to see how things can go back to business as usual or, if they do, that it will last long and too many Americans are aware of the issue now. The Trump administrations imposition of tariffs on imports from China has been criticised by many as being not the answer to the trade issues the two countries are trying to resolve. Yet few seem to know what the answer is. The two systems may, in fact, be, as Lighthizer told Congress in 2010, incompatible. If nothing else, Trumps volume and bigmouth about US trade issues with China have focused the attention of many on the issue. How future trading between China and the US will take shape is one of the larger questions of our time.

Modern Poverty And Economic Inequality Essay - 1200 Words

The United States of America: the land of the free and the home of the impoverished. In a country where 47 million of its citizens fall below the alleged poverty line, there is an obvious dire urge for social reform. As Mark Rank stated in his book, Rethinking American Poverty (page 19), â€Å"between ages of 20 and 75, nearly 60 percent of Americans will experience at least one year below the poverty line.† Poverty in America has reached a feverish high. Readings of O’Connor, Rank, Wacquant, Fording, Soss, Schram, Katz, Iceland, and Gans adequately summated the topic of modern poverty and economic inequality in the United States. From analyzing the poverty line to evaluating how our neoliberal-paternalistic society effects the less affluent, it is important to develop a fresh mentality to properly frame poverty as an urgent social problem. In order to better understand and conceptualize the epidemic of poverty, it is imperative to identify the flaws in popular concept ualizations of poverty. In Michael Katz’s article, The Undeserving Poor: From the War on Poverty to the War on Welfare, he addresses how America tends to think of poverty as a â€Å"them† problem (page 236). Instead of individualizing the topic of poverty, the country should be thinking about it as an â€Å"us† problem. Less affluent citizens are out of the loop. Katz described them as, â€Å"strangers to be pitied or despised, helped or punished, ignored or studied, but rarely full citizens.† This is an interesting way toShow MoreRelatedThe Inequality Trap : Fighting Capitalism Instead Of Poverty1486 Words   |  6 Pagesrights, gender equality, poverty, or medicine, there are individuals around the globe looking for ways to improve our society and those who are merely making suggestions on how to improve it. Published in 2015, William Watson’s book The Inequality Trap: Fighting Capitalism Instead of Poverty is full of analysis and suggestion on what humanity can do to create a more equal society. The book glides through a series of arguments that attempt to conclude that the issues of inequality in our society are broughtRead MoreEconomic and Social Costs of Inequality in Australia785 Words   |  4 PagesAnalyse the economic and social costs and benefits of inequality in distribution of income in Australia. Income inequality describes the extent to which income is distributed unevenly among residents of an area. High levels of inequality indicate that a small number of people receive most of the total income, and that most people receive only a small share of the total. There are many advantages and disadvantages associated with the inequitable distribution of income. 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I will argue that although our nation prides itself on its equality and freedom; in reality we do not hold up these values and are faced with inequality and imbalance. The modern American class system outlines many of the inequalities that plague our nation. In a country that prides itself on equality, there is a lot of evidence that point to social stratificationRead MoreThe Undeserving and Deserving Poor Structure1065 Words   |  5 Pagespermeated the public and political lexicon, there are few debates that evoke such passion as that of the underclass. Karl Marx tabled the idea of the lumpen proletariat, yet in the modern era, the concept did not take hold in Britain until 1989. Today, the debate focuses on whether frictional forces create a continuum of inequality, or whether a defined underclass does exist. The question asks if poor people belong in a separate underclass, which is a vague definition. 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The poorest people in the United States have a much higher quality of life than most other people in the world. As a result of this global inequality, countries are classified into three categoriesRead MoreAnalysis Of Walzer, Pogge, And Sachs Approach On Global Economic And Social Justice Essay1317 Words   |  6 Pagesanalysis of Walzer, Pogge, and Sachs approach on global economic and social justice In our modern age, the introduction of a global economy has led to a varying degree of achievements ranging from technological advances, higher life expectancies, and even the introduction of new world powers. Positive advances, they continue to reconstruct our world into an increasingly more connected and developed system of nations. However, this economic advancement is not equally distributed as continents’ economiesRead MoreThe Modern Development Project ( Mdp )1037 Words   |  5 PagesModern development is characterised by industrialisation and the transformation of societies from subsistence agriculture to production based economies. This process both disrupted the cultural values and practices of traditional societies and birthed a consumerist culture. Consequently, societies become fixated on the construct of scarcity, concerned that means are inadequate to satisfy their interminable desires (Polanyi, cited in Sahlins, 1972: 3). Although modern development is conven tionallyRead MoreAmerica s Income And Wealth Inequality987 Words   |  4 PagesToday in America, income and wealth inequality has continued to grow at an unsettling pace. The rich continue to get richer, while the number of people categorized as lower class grows exponentially. As Joseph Stiglitz has explained, many theories that are seen as strongly Republican, such as the trickle-down effect, has caused the rich to take money from the poor, and as a result the lower class grows and the middle class disintegrates. The top 1 percent of America’s households currently holds 30

Quantitative Risk Management Concepts - Techniques and Tools

Question: Discuss about the Quantitative Risk Management for Concepts, Techniques and Tools. Answer: Introduction: The increased prospect of globalisation is responsible for significant changes in the business context of medium-size and large-size to expand its customer population by expanding to the international market. In the present context, the discussion of international business context and the associated risk conidiation are analysed, taking into a reference of Commonwealth Bank, Australia (Turner, 2014). The strategic strength of this company is linked to its brand popularity, scale (assets and merging strength), and diversified business mix that offer varieties of solutions to its client. The international business projects of Commbank is known to have its global presence since 2008 and marked its presence through retail banking in New Zealand and Indonesia, Banking investment in China and Vietnam, Banking branches in UK, Singapore, India, Japan, China, and New York. Apart from this, the company also offers international services in B2B form to several locations including Beijing, Hanoi , New Zealand, China, and India. It is vital to discuss that international business context is not only about networking to penetrate into the international location and framing strategic alliance to gain competitiveness, but is also linked with risk consideration in an overseas location such that continuity of business can be maintained and that the total asset value of the company should not be a risk (Ang, Benischke and Doh, 2015). The common form of risk that are probable to encounter for banks, as well as other commercial companies in conjunction with overseas projects, include country (legalisation) risk, commercial risk, currency risk, and cross-cultural risk (Turner, 2014). The reason that such factors must be carefully analysed is that with understanding to critical information, the company can avoid financial loss or product failure like situation. In addition to this, with accurate market understanding, the company can also manage the competitiveness in the market and manage the corporate social responsib ilities. Notably, the commonwealth bank has accurately identified such risk propensities, which can be reviewed with fact that they entered into the selective market with selective product lines. The major risk is the country risk which is linked with government intervention and protectionism. For instance, in China, the customer protection framework is poor and that financial liabilities in terms of consumer protection is minimal, because of which Commonwealth tends to expand its branches for financial investment in businesses (Stahl and Tung, 2015). Likewise, another concern is linked with legal safeguards, economic failure due to nations GDP, and adversities with reference to social and political unrest or instability. Particularly, in Asian countries, the GDP is stable only for India, Singapore, and China, whereas social and political interference are more in Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lank, and Bangladesh, due to which the company have limited product launches. Note that these terms are also i ncluded within the scope of currency risk as the foreign taxation, asset valuation, and fluctuation in currency conversation rate also affects the overall business procedure (McNeil, Frey and Embrechts, 2015). Thus, careful evaluation of these terms, in each financial year is mandatory for global companies, in these nations, for avoiding any major loss in finance, which is accurately handled by Commonwealth Bank. Another significant risk is considered with respect to commercial risks such as weak partner of Merger and Acquisition (MA), the timing of entry into the market, and competitive intensities. It is reflective of the past MAs activities of Commonwealth Bank that they have an association with nationalised banks such that they can make a good return of their share values and can also avoid the risk of asset loss to market fluctuations (Henningsson and Kettinger, 2016). Lastly, the cross-cultural risk is associated with a reference to the local employees, their communication standard, and ways of decision making. For example, the commonwealth can only invest in B2B format to minimise the risk, whereas for the investment into the microeconomic of nations like New Zealand, US, Asia, and other European nation will be difficult unless they have more branches and executives working in the host markets. References: Ang, S.H., Benischke, M.H. and Doh, J.P., 2015. The interactions of institutions on foreign market entry mode.Strategic Management Journal,36(10), pp.1536-1553. Henningsson, S. and Kettinger, W.J., 2016. Understanding Information Systems Integration Deficiencies in Mergers and Acquisitions: A Configurational Perspective.Journal of Management Information Systems,33(4), pp.942-977. McNeil, A.J., Frey, R. and Embrechts, P., 2015.Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Stahl, G.K. and Tung, R.L., 2015. Towards a more balanced treatment of culture in international business studies: The need for positive cross-cultural scholarship.Journal of International Business Studies,46(4), pp.391-414. Turner, P., 2014. The global long-term interest rate, financial risks and policy choices in EMEs. [Assessed from https://www.iadb.org/res/centralBanks/publications/cbm77_1166.pdf Dated 24 Mar 2016].

Population Estimation Essays - Environmental Statistics,

Population Estimation Population estimation Introduction Estimates of population size play a vital role in many fisheries management decisions. The numbers of fish in a stock are used to identify influences of environmental factors, human exploitation, and ultimately to identify the effectiveness of management strategies. (Van Den Avyle & Hayward 1999) The three most common methods of population estimation among biologist are sample plots, mark and recapture, and removal. Counts on sample plots is based on the principle that an estimate of population size can be obtained by determining the average density of animals per unit area and multiplying its value by the total area covered by the population. This procedure is done by setting up a pre-determined number of circular, square, or rectangular plots. These plots should be randomly placed and should not over lap. This method is used when all members of the target population can be counted with reasonable certainty(Van Der Avyle & Hayward 1999). The formula used with this method is: Where A is the size of the study area, a is the size of the plot, and n is the average number of animals counted per sample plot (Van Der Avyle & Hayward 1999). The mark and recapture method is simply preformed by collecting fish, marking them, releasing them, and at a later time collecting fish from the same area and examining them for marks. This is based on the principle that the number of marked fish in the second sample is proportional to the total number of fish in the population. This is called the Peterson method and the equation is as follows: Where M is the number of fish initially marked and released, C is the number of fish collected, and R is the number of recaptures (Van Der Avyle so several modifications have been made to correct this. One being Bailey's modification which is used when sampling during the recapture period is conducted with replacement. The Chapman method is used if replacement is not taking place. The differences in these three methods would be of little significance if the recapture number exceeds 7 (Van Der Avyle & Hayward). All three of these variations are based on the assumptions that: 1. Marked fish don't lose their marks. 2. Marked fish are not over looked in the recapture sample. 3. Marked and unmarked fish are equally vulnerable to recapture. 4. Marked and unmarked fish have equal mortality. 5. Following release marked and unmarked fish become randomly mixed. 6. There are no additions to the population during the study. If any of these conditions are not met over estimation will most likely occur (Van Der Avyle & Hayward 1999). The third and final method of population estimation is the removal method. This is based on the idea that the number of fish caught per unit of effort will progressively decline as members of the population are removed. The population can be estimated from data on fishing effort and catch rates. The assumptions with this method are: 1. All members of the target population are equally vulnerable to capture. 2. Vulnerability to capture is constant over time. 3. There are no additions to the population or losses other than the removal itself (Van Der Avyle & Hayward). The Leslie and DeLury methods are used in cases when sampling effort my vary among periods. They are used on large populations where the probability of catching an individual fish is low (Kohler 138). The Leslie method assumes that the number of fish caught per unit effort is proportional to the number of fish present at the beginning of the interval. The DeLury method differs in tha t the population estimate is based on total effort rather than cumulative data. The Zippin method is used where the catchability is high and equal effort is expended in each sample period. This is most commonly used in small mountain streams in conjunction with electrofishing as the removal method. Materials & Methods On September 13, 2000 we went to Mull Creek. We set up two stop nets spanning 75m one upstream and one downstream to keep the population contained. We made three runs with electrofishing

DUKE ELLINGTON FROM HIS POINT OF VIEW essays

DUKE ELLINGTON FROM HIS POINT OF VIEW essays I am the Duke; the Duke of jazz that is. I have earned it. I have won thirteen Grammys. I was the first jazz musician to be elected as a member of the Royal Music Academy of Stockholm. I have been honored with the Legion of Honor by the French government. And by the end of my fifty year career, I have performed over 20,000 times. All these accomplishments and many more that I am so proud of; but they have not come easy. I had to work for them, and so my story begins. I am sure Daisy Kennedy Ellington and James Edward Ellington, my parents, remember this date better than I do. April 29, 1899. The turn of the century, the day I was born. I was born Edward Kennedy Ellington; I received the name Duke, from a childhood friend. He loved my proper manners, bearing, and the way that I dressed. I was born in Washington, D.C. hence the name of my orchestra, the Washingtonians, but we will get into that later. I started playing the piano at seven, but I was not that interested then. Other aspects of life were on the top of my priorities, I wanted to be a baseball player. However, I still had the heart and passion for the craft. I remember I would travel to Philadelphia with my mother during the summers. There I would look for the best ragtime pianists in the city. Finally, while in Asbury Park, I heard of a hot pianist named Harvey Brooks and I just had to see him. I am grateful, that I met him; he taught me all the tricks and shortcuts of the piano. I am also grateful for Doc. You know Oliver Perry? He taught me the fundamentals, how to red music and he helped me to improve all of my piano skills. Though I had plenty of training, I could not shake my fear of the stage. So I got my first job selling peanuts at the Washington Senators baseball games. There I was somewhat of a performer. I never received an education that was academically oriented. I attended Armstrong Manua...

How to Write Dialogue 10 Simple Rules (Plus 5 Mistakes to Avoid!)

How to Write Dialogue 10 Simple Rules (Plus 5 Mistakes to Avoid!) How to Write Dialogue: 10 Simple Rules (Plus 5 Mistakes to Avoid!) No matter what your genre, learning how to write dialogue effectively is a vital part of any writer’s education. Poor dialogue can make readers put your book down in disgust - but great dialogue can transform your characters into truly believable people, and your readers into satisfied customers.Of course, the best kind of dialogue isn’t just believable. It also provides exposition, involves distinct language depending on who’s speaking, and - perhaps most crucially - moves the story along. Without dialogue, you’d just have pages and pages of description with barely any character dynamics or interpersonal drama. How boring would that be?Because dialogue is essential to a strong narrative, we want to help you get it exactly right. To that end, we’ve put together this list of rules, examples, and more that will have you writing sparkling conversation in no time! We’ll also cover in detail how to format and punctuate dialogue, for those who a ren’t sure exactly what goes where.If you’re especially curious about formatting, go ahead and skip to #10 using the table of contents on the left - otherwise, let’s jump right in with dialogue rule #1.1. Enter the conversation lateAlfred Hitchcock once said that â€Å"drama is life with all the boring bits cut out.† Comparably, we could say that good dialogue is like a real conversation without all the fluff. And one of the best ways to cut out that boring fluff is to enter the conversation as late as possible.Think about it: few "classic" scenes start with characters going, â€Å"Hey buddy! How are you doing? Wow, long time no see.† This is because people enjoy making inferences based on details in action and speech - and the last thing you want to do is insult their intelligence by spelling everything out for them.For a more tangible taste of this technique, here’s screenwriter Aaron Sorkin talking about the first scene of his Oscar-win ning screenplay for The Social Network:â€Å"We started at 100 miles an hour in the middle of a conversation, and that makes the audience have to run to catch up. The worst crime you can commit with an audience is telling them something they already know. We were always running ahead.†Sorkin's ability to give the audience just the right amount of detail is a huge strength, and something all writers should strive for. So don’t slow down to accommodate your readers - make them catch up to you. id=attachment_19354 style="width: 1047px" class="wp-caption aligncenter">Now that you know exactly what to do when it comes to writing dialogue, let’s talk about what not to do - with these five critical mistakes to avoid.5 dialogue mistakes to avoid1. Too many dialogue tagsAs you may have already gathered, one of the most egregious errors you can make when writing dialogue is using too many dialogue tags. Constantly repeating â€Å"he said,† â€Å"she said,† and so on is boring and repetitive for your readers, as you can see here:â€Å"Hey, how’s it going?† Billy said.â€Å"Not bad,† said Ann. â€Å"Just warming up for the day.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ah. Liquid courage,† said Billy.â€Å"Yeah, those customers aren’t going to yell at themselves,† Ann said.So keep in mind that you can often eschew dialogue tags if you’ve already established the speakers, like so:Billy approached Ann as she was pouring a cup of coffee.  "Hey, how’s it going?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Not bad.† She gestured to the cup. â€Å"Just warming up for the day.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ah. Liquid courage.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yeah, those customers aren’t going to yell at themselves.†One can tell from the action beats, as well as the fact that it’s a two-person back-and-forth conversation, which lines are Billy’s and which are Ann’s. Dialogue tags just distract from the conversation - although if you did want to use them, â€Å"said† would still be better than fancy tags like â€Å"announced† or â€Å"effused.†2. Lack of structural varietySimilar to the â€Å"too many tags† issue is the lack of structural variety that can sometimes arise in dialogue. Not sure what we’re talking about? Take a look at this:â€Å"This is going terribly. We need a new plan.† Sophie started erasing the blackboard.â€Å"Wait, stop! I have another idea.† Ethan grabbed her hand to stop her.â€Å"Oh yeah? When has that ever helped us before?† She glared at him, uncompromising.â€Å"I mean it this time. I think this could really work.† He grabbed the chalk from the table and began to write.Now, action beats are great, but here they’re used repeatedly in exactly the same way - first the dialogue, then the beat - which looks odd and unnatural on the page. Indeed, any recurrent structure like this (which also includes putting dialogue tags in the same place every time) should be vehemently avoided.Luckily, it’s easy to rework repetitive structure into something much more lively and organic, just by shifting around some of the action beats and tags:â€Å"This is going terribly. We need a new plan.† Sophie started erasing the blackboard.â€Å"Wait, stop!† Ethan shouted, grabbing her hand. â€Å"I have another idea.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Oh yeah? When has that ever helped us before?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I mean it this time. I think this could really work.†3. Restating the obviousAnother common dialogue mistake is restating the obvious - i.e. information that either the characters themselves or the reader already knows. For example, say you want to introduce two brothers, so you write the following exchange:â€Å"Say, Gary, how long have we been brothers?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Thirty-five years, Barry. Ever since Ma gave birth to two bouncing baby boys in ‘84.†This is clearly awkward and a bit ridiculous, as the characters obviously know how old they are. It also insults the reader’s intelligence - even if they didn’t already know that Barry and Gary were thirty-five-year-old brothers, they wouldn’t appreciate being spoon-fed like this.If you wanted to convey the same information in a subtler way, you might write it into a different conversation, like:â€Å"Hey, Gary - Raiders of the Lost of Ark came out in 1984, right? Wasn’t Ma was about to see it when she went into labor with u s?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"That was Temple of Doom, Barry. No wonder we keep losing at trivia night.†This makes the dialogue more about Indiana Jones than the brothers’ age, sneaking in the info so readers can figure it out for themselves.4. Unrealistic smooth-talking and clichà ©sThough you want your dialogue to flow, you don’t want it to flow so smoothly that it sounds fake. Unfortunately, there’s a fine line between enthralling, Sorkin-esque dialogue and unrealistic smooth-talking, so be careful!Saying your dialogue out loud, as we mentioned in rule #8, should help with this problem. It can also be helpful to record dialogue (with the participants’ permission, of course) and study it for natural speech patterns and phrases. Of course, we’re not saying you should include every â€Å"um† and â€Å"er† that people say in real life - only that authentic-sounding written dialogue reflects real life.In a similar vein, you want to watch out for clichà ©s in your dialogue as much as in the rest of your writing. While it’s certainly true that people sometimes speak in clichà ©s (though this is often tongue-in-cheek), if you find yourself writing the phrase â€Å"Are you thinking what I’m thinking?† or â€Å"Shut up and kiss me,† you may need a reality check.For a full roster of dialogue clichà ©s, check out this super-helpful list from Scott Myers.5. Disregarding dialogue entirelyFinally, the last mistake you can make when writing dialogue is†¦ well, not writing it! Circling back to one of the very first points we made in this article, dialogue is a super-important element in almost any story - it provides exposition, indicates personality and character relationships, and may even reveal a major plot twist during the climax. Suffice to say, if your story doesn’t have enough dialogue, it’s not going to have many readers either.We know that writing dialogue can be intimida ting, especially if you don’t have much experience with it. But that should never keep you from including it in your work! Just remember that the more you practice, the better you’ll get. And with the help of the tips and in this article, you should already be a little bit (if not a lot!) closer to writing dialogue that captivates your readers just as much as their real-life conversations. ðŸâ€" £We hope you enjoyed this post on how to write dialogue! If you’d like to learn even more, check out our course on Writing Dialogue That Develops Plot and Character. How to Write Dialogue 10 Simple Rules (Plus 5 Mistakes to Avoid!) How to Write Dialogue: 10 Simple Rules (Plus 5 Mistakes to Avoid!) No matter what your genre, learning how to write dialogue effectively is a vital part of any writer’s education. Poor dialogue can make readers put your book down in disgust - but great dialogue can transform your characters into truly believable people, and your readers into satisfied customers.Of course, the best kind of dialogue isn’t just believable. It also provides exposition, involves distinct language depending on who’s speaking, and - perhaps most crucially - moves the story along. Without dialogue, you’d just have pages and pages of description with barely any character dynamics or interpersonal drama. How boring would that be?Because dialogue is essential to a strong narrative, we want to help you get it exactly right. To that end, we’ve put together this list of rules, examples, and more that will have you writing sparkling conversation in no time! We’ll also cover in detail how to format and punctuate dialogue, for those who a ren’t sure exactly what goes where.If you’re especially curious about formatting, go ahead and skip to #10 using the table of contents on the left - otherwise, let’s jump right in with dialogue rule #1.1. Enter the conversation lateAlfred Hitchcock once said that â€Å"drama is life with all the boring bits cut out.† Comparably, we could say that good dialogue is like a real conversation without all the fluff. And one of the best ways to cut out that boring fluff is to enter the conversation as late as possible.Think about it: few "classic" scenes start with characters going, â€Å"Hey buddy! How are you doing? Wow, long time no see.† This is because people enjoy making inferences based on details in action and speech - and the last thing you want to do is insult their intelligence by spelling everything out for them.For a more tangible taste of this technique, here’s screenwriter Aaron Sorkin talking about the first scene of his Oscar-win ning screenplay for The Social Network:â€Å"We started at 100 miles an hour in the middle of a conversation, and that makes the audience have to run to catch up. The worst crime you can commit with an audience is telling them something they already know. We were always running ahead.†Sorkin's ability to give the audience just the right amount of detail is a huge strength, and something all writers should strive for. So don’t slow down to accommodate your readers - make them catch up to you. id=attachment_19354 style="width: 1047px" class="wp-caption aligncenter">Now that you know exactly what to do when it comes to writing dialogue, let’s talk about what not to do - with these five critical mistakes to avoid.5 dialogue mistakes to avoid1. Too many dialogue tagsAs you may have already gathered, one of the most egregious errors you can make when writing dialogue is using too many dialogue tags. Constantly repeating â€Å"he said,† â€Å"she said,† and so on is boring and repetitive for your readers, as you can see here:â€Å"Hey, how’s it going?† Billy said.â€Å"Not bad,† said Ann. â€Å"Just warming up for the day.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ah. Liquid courage,† said Billy.â€Å"Yeah, those customers aren’t going to yell at themselves,† Ann said.So keep in mind that you can often eschew dialogue tags if you’ve already established the speakers, like so:Billy approached Ann as she was pouring a cup of coffee.  "Hey, how’s it going?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Not bad.† She gestured to the cup. â€Å"Just warming up for the day.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ah. Liquid courage.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yeah, those customers aren’t going to yell at themselves.†One can tell from the action beats, as well as the fact that it’s a two-person back-and-forth conversation, which lines are Billy’s and which are Ann’s. Dialogue tags just distract from the conversation - although if you did want to use them, â€Å"said† would still be better than fancy tags like â€Å"announced† or â€Å"effused.†2. Lack of structural varietySimilar to the â€Å"too many tags† issue is the lack of structural variety that can sometimes arise in dialogue. Not sure what we’re talking about? Take a look at this:â€Å"This is going terribly. We need a new plan.† Sophie started erasing the blackboard.â€Å"Wait, stop! I have another idea.† Ethan grabbed her hand to stop her.â€Å"Oh yeah? When has that ever helped us before?† She glared at him, uncompromising.â€Å"I mean it this time. I think this could really work.† He grabbed the chalk from the table and began to write.Now, action beats are great, but here they’re used repeatedly in exactly the same way - first the dialogue, then the beat - which looks odd and unnatural on the page. Indeed, any recurrent structure like this (which also includes putting dialogue tags in the same place every time) should be vehemently avoided.Luckily, it’s easy to rework repetitive structure into something much more lively and organic, just by shifting around some of the action beats and tags:â€Å"This is going terribly. We need a new plan.† Sophie started erasing the blackboard.â€Å"Wait, stop!† Ethan shouted, grabbing her hand. â€Å"I have another idea.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Oh yeah? When has that ever helped us before?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I mean it this time. I think this could really work.†3. Restating the obviousAnother common dialogue mistake is restating the obvious - i.e. information that either the characters themselves or the reader already knows. For example, say you want to introduce two brothers, so you write the following exchange:â€Å"Say, Gary, how long have we been brothers?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Thirty-five years, Barry. Ever since Ma gave birth to two bouncing baby boys in ‘84.†This is clearly awkward and a bit ridiculous, as the characters obviously know how old they are. It also insults the reader’s intelligence - even if they didn’t already know that Barry and Gary were thirty-five-year-old brothers, they wouldn’t appreciate being spoon-fed like this.If you wanted to convey the same information in a subtler way, you might write it into a different conversation, like:â€Å"Hey, Gary - Raiders of the Lost of Ark came out in 1984, right? Wasn’t Ma was about to see it when she went into labor with u s?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"That was Temple of Doom, Barry. No wonder we keep losing at trivia night.†This makes the dialogue more about Indiana Jones than the brothers’ age, sneaking in the info so readers can figure it out for themselves.4. Unrealistic smooth-talking and clichà ©sThough you want your dialogue to flow, you don’t want it to flow so smoothly that it sounds fake. Unfortunately, there’s a fine line between enthralling, Sorkin-esque dialogue and unrealistic smooth-talking, so be careful!Saying your dialogue out loud, as we mentioned in rule #8, should help with this problem. It can also be helpful to record dialogue (with the participants’ permission, of course) and study it for natural speech patterns and phrases. Of course, we’re not saying you should include every â€Å"um† and â€Å"er† that people say in real life - only that authentic-sounding written dialogue reflects real life.In a similar vein, you want to watch out for clichà ©s in your dialogue as much as in the rest of your writing. While it’s certainly true that people sometimes speak in clichà ©s (though this is often tongue-in-cheek), if you find yourself writing the phrase â€Å"Are you thinking what I’m thinking?† or â€Å"Shut up and kiss me,† you may need a reality check.For a full roster of dialogue clichà ©s, check out this super-helpful list from Scott Myers.5. Disregarding dialogue entirelyFinally, the last mistake you can make when writing dialogue is†¦ well, not writing it! Circling back to one of the very first points we made in this article, dialogue is a super-important element in almost any story - it provides exposition, indicates personality and character relationships, and may even reveal a major plot twist during the climax. Suffice to say, if your story doesn’t have enough dialogue, it’s not going to have many readers either.We know that writing dialogue can be intimida ting, especially if you don’t have much experience with it. But that should never keep you from including it in your work! Just remember that the more you practice, the better you’ll get. And with the help of the tips and in this article, you should already be a little bit (if not a lot!) closer to writing dialogue that captivates your readers just as much as their real-life conversations. ðŸâ€" £We hope you enjoyed this post on how to write dialogue! If you’d like to learn even more, check out our course on Writing Dialogue That Develops Plot and Character.

Critically assess the proposition that Muslims have become the main Essay

Critically assess the proposition that Muslims have become the main focus of official efforts to exclude Others from the s - Essay Example 5 Muslim communities of the 20th/21st centuries based on three typologies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Multiculturalism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 Differential exclusion / guest worker system†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Assimilation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Terrorism as usually associated with Muslim people†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Social exclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 Introduction Islam is the religion for more than 2 billion people on the earth. Only in Western Europe there are about 10 million Muslims, who are considered to be the largest religious minority in the region and the third largest religion overall growing much faster than traditionally dominant Catholic and Protestant religions. As a result, Islam became a significant religious and social force in the Western European countries, including France, Germany, United Kingdom, and others. In Great Britain, for example, Muslims are the second largest faith group after Christians. More than half of them were born in the United Kingdom having such ethnic backgrounds as Turkish, Arab, Indian, Asian, Kurdish, and Pakistani. Muslims coming to live in France are usually from francophone countries such as Tunisia, Egypt, Algeria and Morocco (Castles and Miller, 2003). Finally, Germany has many Muslims with Turkish and Kurdish origin. Since the number of Muslims living in Western Europe and the United States continue to grow and more and more people become converted into Islam religion, anti-Muslim sentiments and movements started growing across Europe when Muslims have become the main focus of official efforts to exclude them as â€Å"others† from the states of Europe. The main reason for such actions is the fear of a ‘Muslim invasion’ when European national identities can be threatened by the ongoing processes of European integration and immigration from the developing countries (Ferrera, 2005). While in the past immigration rules were less restricted for certain countries, they became tougher recently due to the increased number of immigrants living on the unemployment compensation from the government, which raises concerns and complaints from the citizens who work hard and pay taxes. Even if immigrants find a job, the employers pay much less salaries and wages for them than for national citizens. So, it shifts preferences for employment toward immigrants. In such a way, socially excluded â€Å"national† citizens compete with socially excluded ethnic minorities or immigrant ‘others’ for limited national resources of welfare (Castles and Miller, 2003). Such current situation in the Western European countries can be associated with a â€Å"social regression† or a â€Å"social crisis† in addition to a growing political and cultural crisis based on the established national identities. In such a way, recently there is a strong tendency to exclude Muslim immigrant â€Å"others† out of the European countries to make it â€Å"nationally pure† again. Syncretism Syncretism, which means "combining", is the att empt to reconcile contrary

Russia and Eastern Europe After Lenin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Russia and Eastern Europe After Lenin - Essay Example Post war development in Russia under Stalinism influenced the economically and strategically forward European nations which had followed the system of Stalinism for a long time until the result of World War II brought drastic changes in the political and economic definitions across the world. This essay focuses on the development and decline of Stalinism in different countries across Central and Eastern Europe during the post-war period. During the time of developmental changes in Russia, Leninist followers identified the ratification possibilities of the state to approve the powers of capital investors over the working class of the country. Revolutionary leaders of Russia then framed actions and campaigns to direct the state administration to communism. The ideal principle of the movements of Leninists was the preference of revolution to evolution and social democracy to communism. However, the two leaders were guided by more less similar principle and were highly regarded as the leaders of the masses. According Foster (2007), both Lenin and Stalin were men of action and thought who have shown the example of coordination of theories and practices required for the realisation of daily needs of the masses of the country for achieving the desired outlook of socialism. By the end of Leninist era, Stalin emerged as a prime figure in the Republic of Russia with his principles of centralized administration and trust in th e employment of terror for power. The Stalinist invasion of Europe started with the agreement of Germany giving away the states of Baltic and part of Nazi dominant part of Poland to Russia (Western Civilization, 1997). Stalin’s foremost political identity was reflected by his distrust for the Western Europeans and the immediate lenience he showed to the supporting nations that stood along with his interest. The time of Churchill posed crucial protest

Two sides to welfare Essay Example for Free

Two sides to welfare Essay In this discussion we were suppose to side with either the Conservative side or the Moderate side. The Conservative side had points about the welfare which best described my opinion about welfare. One the other hand the moderate view also had several points to the welfare reform. The welfare issue in the U.S. can not be handled in a similar way for everyone. There are certain cases and situations which show that welfare shouldnt be handled in the same way for everyone. Their should be different procedures for extreme cases, and their should be some sort of restriction too. The government should provide some sort of aid because every state has different procedures of determining welfare. The time restriction in one way is very useful for the society in a whole but again it should be determined by the eligibility. For example, if someone is severely disabled, that person wont be helped enough if the time limit is just five year. So, I believe there should be longer time given to the people who deserved it. The thing about any government sector aid can be done in this way that the government watches over the states, so they dont pass a law that doesnt belong to welfare at all. I agree with the conservative view on welfare more than the moderate view. There are several reasons behind my opinion. Although, I agree that the needy families, single parents, and other in need should be helped financially, but I few issues regarding this. First of all, there should exist a tough procedure and valuation in order to get the welfare. The welfare shouldnt be available as the first thing to anyone who is in need and he/she has dependents. Instead, they should check out other opportunities before getting themselves into welfare. Although these people should be given welfare but should have some sort of penalty along with it. The welfare should be given to most extreme cases. Especially the single parents should be asked to make contributions to their budget as in a part-time job. I believe it is not fair to the tax payer who are working Twenty four hours and paying money for someone who is having couple of kids  as a single parenting while they are not able to support themselves. There should be some sort of pressure in order for single parenting population to receive this aid. A lot of people have created the welfare as their income source; this thing can only be stoped by having them work too, even if they are only working part-time. There should be no support available to the people who have child and they dont show interest in getting independent in future or do some sort of part-time job. For their children we should provide either adoption or some sort of centers which only look after their kids (provide them with food and shelter, not their grown up parents too). Welfare should go to the elderly and the disable people, because they are the people who really deserve the welfare. But still there comes the point of how did this person got disabled. Did it occur naturally or accidentally? If this happened naturally or accidentally it is a situation with is beyond the individuals control. But if, this person has became disabled because of drug abuses; I certainly wont agree that this person should be fed by government through out his/her life. This way at least we might be able to stop people from abusing themselves. Because these people know that they are getting all sorts of financial help they dont care about themselves and become a burden on the society. To reduce this sort of behavior among people some new reforms should be done to the welfare. Beyond the individuals are factors in the economy or society itself that may prevent people from getting a job that can support a family. Some groups suffer from discrimination that blocks them out of the better-paying, career jobs. Sometimes a persons skills are no longer needed in the system. In these cases we can at least help them by welfare for limited time.

Multiple Regression :: Gender

Introduction For this study researchers were interested in assessing whether self-reported health behaviours and health literacy are able to predict self-rated physical health, after controlling for the effects of gender and age. They are further interested in knowing which of the variables provide a statistically significant contribution to the equation. Also of interest to the researches was the interaction between gender and health literacy, that is, the degree to which individuals are able to obtain, process and understand the information needed to make appropriate decisions about their health, and the impact of this interaction on health. Data was collected from 350 people randomly selected from a dataset from a population-based study of health and health determinants. Health was measured on a scale of 1 to 10, where higher scores represent better health. Health behaviours include healthy diet, physical activity and relaxation and are measured on a scale from 1 to 15. Health literacy is measured on a scale from 10 to 45. Gender and age in years were also collected from the respondents. Data Screening & Assumption Testing The initial step in this data analysis involved screening the data for possible missing values, out of range values, univariate and multivariate outliers and multicollinearity. Three variables used for this study contained missing values; both system and identified missing. These variables were health literacy, physical activity and age in years, one case for each of these variables. Each of these missing values were recoded with a missing value code of 999. Descriptive statistics produced for each of the variables used for the analysis revealed out of range values for the variables healthy diet, physical activity and relaxation. These values were also recoded to the missing value code 999. Testing for the presence of outliers was done by generating a scatterplot matrix for all variables (Figure 1), and plots of Cook’s distances (Figure 2) and Mahalanobis distances (Figure 3). There are no cases which indicate a particular cause for concern. On the Mahalanobis distance chart there are no cases that is substantially larger than the rest and on the Cook’s distance there is no case with a distance above 1 which would indicate an influential point. Multicollinearity was tested and there were no variables with a tolerance of less than 0.3. It is also necessary to check the regression assumptions to ensure that any results from analysis are valid. The first assumption is that all variables are measured on a metric scale or that categorical variables are dichotomously coded. This is true for the data in this study. The second assumption is that each observation in the sample is independent of the other observations, the

Duty of care Essay

1.1 â€Å"Duty of care† means to provide care and support to individuals within the law and also within the policies, procedures and agreed ways to work. It is about keeping the service users independence, to support and enable them to live within an environment free from prejudice and safe from abuse. Everyone is entitled to their own opinions, choices and we should respect that at all times while promoting them as an individual. 1.2 By working within standards set out and within our own capacity we will prevent harm from occurring to ourselves, others and the individual. By giving an individual choice and respecting their views/wishes they know that their independence has not been taken from them, giving them more confidence if an issue of safeguarding etc. were to arise. To understand and be able to pass on the procedures in place if we are suspicious or aware of abuse, an individual being endangered or poor work practice by another carer or agency. Reporting, recording are the steps needed to ensure that any form of safeguarding or protection issues are dealt with immediately and correctly. 2.1 While working in care, the aim is to give the best possible standard of care to service users, but sometimes there can be a conflict beetween the individual’s or their family’s wishes and rights and the duty of care. In this case the most important thing is to decide whether the person is aware of the risks and consequences of the decision and has the capacity to make the decision. Before taking best interest decisions I have to make sure that the person definitely lacks the capacity. The person or their next of kin has an overall right and responsibility in decision making for issues relating their care, and I need their consent to deal with certain issues. When a dilemma arises, my responsibility is to support individuals or their families to make informed choices. Even if I disagree with their decision, I can only give advice but can not force them.

Relationship-Driven Leaders Focus on People, Not Power Essay

My article talks about the behavioral theories, as the author discussed the new stream in leadership orientation. To be more specific, he believed that as the industry is now facing globalization and rapid change, leaders must adapt this changing landscape or risk losing high-potential employees. Younger employees prefer relationship-driven leaders and a sense of community. So in other words, they value relationships and leaders who respect their ideas and consult them on decisions. Bobbie (2010) took an example of a general counsel who successfully led a group for years before hiring a vice president to help manage a growing workload. Because this leader spent his career in the traditional model, he found it difficult to delegate work to the new vice president. The issue was not about power, but an Inability to let go and trust the new vice president to complete the work well. If the general counsel had formed a stronger personal connection with the vice president nd built trust based on that relationship, he could have empowered the vice president Instead of constraining her performance. Relationship-driven leaders are more empathetic, patient and tolerant. They approach decision-making subjectively, using personal values as a guide and examining how each option will impact others. Yet, while they are adept at listening and forging personal connections, they can sometimes appear too concerned about what others think or too weak to make tough decision. While leaders cant change their innate personalities, they can change their behavior. Adopting these best practice behaviors will enable leaders to be more effective in an increasingly diverse workplace 1. Open yourself to different viewpoints. 2. Balance empathy with strong decision-making. 3. Collaborate on issues management. 4. Champion employee development. 5. Don’t mistake silence for agreement. By adopting a relationship-driven approach, leaders can earn the trust and confidence of an increasingly diverse workforce and improve long-term retention.

Democracy In the US essays

Democracy In the US essays Although not a direct democracy, the United States has successfully solved the many enduring issues that face any democracy. These issues are numerous and range from political equality all the way to rights and responsibilities of citizens. Although there are many concerns to confront, democracy is still the most preferable form of government. Niccolo Machiavelli said, Government by the populace is better than government by the princes. (p.15) The first issue that a democracy must deal with is who is eligible for citizenship. In ancient Greece a citizen was any free adult male who could fight. This didnt include women, slaves, or the crippled. I agree with Thomas Jefferson when he wrote in the Declaration of Independence, all men are created equal. (p.101) Men and women, old or young, should not be denied citizenship. The next issue that faces a democracy is Representation and Participation. How are people represented fairly, and how can they participate in the government? The next issue includes how laws are made and how easily they can be changed. This procedure is found in the beginning of the Constitution. The fourth issue includes the rights and responsibilities of the citizens. In the United States, the rights of the people can be found in the Bill of Rights. (p.118,119) The next issue that is always present in a democracy is the fear of tyranny, or the fear that one person will have all the power as in an absolute monarchy. In 1690 John Locke spoke of an absolute monarchy by saying, Hence it is evident, that absolute monarchy, which by some men is counted the only government in the world, is indeed inconsistent with civil society, and so can be no form of civil society at all. (p.39) Another fear that is present in democracies is the fear of factions, or the fear that one group will rise to influence some aspect of the government. In the US, people are part of so many ...

Lorna Dee Cervantes - Feminist Chicana Voice

Lorna Dee Cervantes - Feminist Chicana Voice article edited with additions by  Jone Johnson Lewis Born: 1954 in San FranciscoKnown For: Chicana poetry, feminism, writing that bridges cultures Lorna Dee Cervantes is recognized as a significant voice in feminist and Chicana poetry. In fact, she has referred to her adoption of the label Chicana as a feminist identification within the Chicano movement.   She is critically acclaimed for writing poetry that bridges cultures and explores gender and various points of view. Background Born in San Francisco and raised in San Jose, California, Lorna Dee Cervantes has Mexican and Chumash heritage on her mothers side and Tarascan Indian heritage on her fathers side. When she was born, her family had been in California for several generations; she has called herself indigenous Californian.   She was raised in her maternal grandmothers home, where she discovered books in homes where her mother worked as a domestic worker. Lorna Dee Cervantes became an activist when she was a teenager. She was involved with the Womens Liberation Movement, NOW, the Farm Workers Movement, and the American Indian Movement (AIM), among other causes. Poetry Debut Lorna Dee Cervantes began writing poetry as a teenager and compiled a collection of her poems at age 15. Although her debut poetry collection, Emplumada, was published in 1981, she was a recognized poet before that publication. She participated in the San Jose poetry scene, and in 1974 she read one of her poems at a theater festival performance in Mexico City, which brought her accolades and attention in Mexico. A Rising Chicana Star It was not unusual to hear Chicano/a poetry performed as spoken word, not just consumed as a written medium. Lorna Dee Cervantes was a prominent voice of the rising generation of Chicana writers during the 1970s. In addition to writing and performing poetry, she founded Mango Publications in 1976. She also published a journal called Mango. The heady days of running a small press from the kitchen table led to further involvement with Chicano writers such as Sandra Cisneros, Alberto Rios, and Jimmy Santiago Baca. Womens Experiences Early in her poetry career, Lorna Dee Cervantes reflected on her mother and grandmother in her writing. She contemplated their place in society as women and as Chicana women. Chicana feminists often wrote of the struggles they faced fitting into white society, paralleled with the struggles of gender in society. Lorna Dee Cervantes described Emplumada as a womans coming-of-age and as a rebellion against the male-dominated Chicano movement. She resented being considered disloyal to Chicano social justice ideals when she pointed out sexism in the movement. Poems such as You Cramp My Style Baby directly confront the sexism in Chicano men and how Chicana women were treated as second class. When her mother was killed brutally after Emplumada had been published, she integrated grief and and a strong sense of injustice in her 1991 work. From the Cables of Genocide: Poems of Love and Hunger. Themes of love, hunger, genocide, grief, interweave with her understandings of culture and women, and with a vision of what affirms life. Other Work Lorna Dee Cervantes attended Cal State San Jose and UC Santa Cruz. She was a professor at the University of Colorado Boulder from 1989-2007 and briefly directed the Creative Writing program there. She received multiple prizes and fellowships, including the Lila Wallace Readers Digest Award, the Pushcart Prize, NEA fellowship grants, and the American Book Award for Emplumada. Other books by Lorna Dee Cervantes include   and Drive: The First Quartet (2005). Her work continues to reflect her ideals of social justice, eco-consciousness, and peace.

Two Great Gothic Cathedrals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Two Great Gothic Cathedrals - Essay Example In history, everyday buildings have always been made of materials that are readily to hand. This is the principal characteristic of all vernacular architecture. In an area where stone is widely available, that becomes the usual building material; where it is not, or is too difficult to work, brick or timber buildings will be found. Where good clay exists tiled floors will be common elsewhere they will be made of stone flags. Where timber is widely available joinery sections will be lavish; where it is scarce and costly to import they will be mean. Comparing the two cathedrals, we see that they are made of the same materials: stone, mixed with brightly colored stained glass, each depicting a religious story or a time-line of Jesus' life in great detail. Moreover, the floor-plans are almost the same. Both the Chartres Cathedral and Saint Patrick's Cathedral are centrally planned, entered through a narthex, followed by a long nave, with side aisles, leading to the transept crossing, and then culminating into the apse, reminiscent of the shape of a cross.

Open Source Versus Closed Source Software Essay

Open Source Versus Closed Source Software - Essay Example Currently, there are a huge number of categories of the open source software that include but not limited to the Application Software, Operating Systems, Programming Languages and Server Software. Under each category there are many items / applications, for example, the application software include: Mozilla Firefox – a web browser, OpenOffice – an office suit, Eclipse – an integrated development environment, 7-zip – a file archiver or compressor etc. The operating systems include: the Linux, Android – a mobile OS, FreeBSD etc. The open source computer programming languages include: PHP – a scripting language used to develop websites, Perl, Ruby etc. The open source server software include: Apache – a web server, Joomla – a web content management system etc. Closed Source Software Closed source software also known as proprietary software is computer software which is only available without source code and licensed under limited l egal right as per provided by the copyright owner. The buyer of the propriety software is permitted to use the software having restrictions on modifications, redistribution, update / upgrade or reverse engineering and it is typically owned by a single organization. The vendors usually provide an executable or compiled form of the software application’s source code so that only the central processing unit of the computer can understand the machine language that cannot be converted into the source code. The propriety software is not allowed to redistribute or sharing the software with others, in case anybody else wanted to use the proprietary software it is required to purchase another unique license of the software. In other words, the proprietary software is the property of the owner / developer / publisher that cannot be copied or modified, with an appropriate price and need to comply the license agreement (National Taiwan University, 1991). Like the open source software, th e proprietary software has much more categories of the software include: Operating System, Computer Programming Languages, software applications, public domain software, private software etc. There are several examples including Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Programming languages – ASP.Net etc., Microsoft Office etc. Open vs. Closed Source Software – Advantages and Disadvantages For every advantage there exists disadvantage, therefore, both types of software have there exist advantages as well as disadvantages. Let’s talk about the advantages of both types, the advantages of the open source software include: free of cost, right to modify and redistribute the source code, the technology neutral or the open source software can be used with other software, freedom and flexibility of having multiple vendors, high security, quality, customizability, interoperability and audibility. "Open Source software tends to be free of dependency on related products. Purchasers of ten perceive that the product works best with other products from the same manufacturer. Open Source software offers its users greater freedom to purchase other products, avoiding lock-in to particular manufacturers." (QinetiQ, 2001) There are many disadvantages of the open source software as compared to the closed source software that include but not limited to the less availability of support, updates, less reliability as anyone can change / edit the code and

Summary about the book Boston tea party Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Summary about the book Boston tea party - Essay Example The story talks about how the United States of America walked its way into the top of the western hemisphere and settled in a country that has become the most powerful nation in the world. Philbrick explained in this book that the issue of race, religion and violence has always taken center stage in American polity. Nathaniel Philbrck uses the account of William Bradford and Benjamin Church to describe the story of the Mayflower. The book is the story of a ship and its journey on a large and stormy sea into a land that nothing much was known about. Mayflower talks about how the Pilgrims came to settle in New England, the risky ocean crossing that they embarked upon and the sharing of the first Thanksgiving. He gives the true story of the Pilgrims and their tragic but heroic experience at the ocean. Philbrick described how a group of Pilgrims endured the raging of the storms in order to find a very suitable place to worship. The Mayflower ship clumsily moved through winds and storms f or sixty-five days. According to Philbrick, â€Å"For sixty-five days, the Mayflower had blundered her way through storms and headwinds, her bottom a shaggy pelt of seaweed and barnacles, her leaky decks spewing salt water onto her passengers’ devoted heads.† (3). There were 102 humans and 2 dogs in the ship and Phulbrick explained that they were not the usual group of colonists that people are familiar with. They were neither noblemen or servants, but a group of men, women and children who were ready to sacrifice their lives in order to have the assurance that they could worship their God as they pleased. The arguments that the Pilgrims put forward for embarking on such a deadly voyage was that God was in support of their emigration to America (Philbrick 259). Philbrick dedicated a chapter to Thanksgiving with a good account of the events of the feast that lasted for days. The people that took part in the Thanksgiving feast were 100 Pokanoket Indians and 50 colonists. Philbrick noted that the Pilgrims did not originally arrive at Plymouth Rock as people have been made to believe. They first arrived at an Indian graveyard, the Pokanoket tribe had been hit by a strange plague that weakened majority of their population and they did not have the strength to fight against the Pilgrims. The Pokanoket tribe had no other choice than to make peace with the Pilgrims. It is clear from the description of Philbrick that the Thanksgiving feast did not take place in November, but by the end of September or October. There is a possibility that the men that took part in the Thanksgiving feast went fowling for their Thanksgiving feast. The Thanksgiving feast that took place at the fall gave the Americans a glimmer of hope as the events that took place during this period gave signs that things would turn out for their good (Philbrick 104-108). The book talks about how the Pilgrims or people that could be described as religious refugees landed in Plymouth Harbor du ring a period of catastrophe for the Native Americans. The Native Americans had to struggle with an alien disease that was brought into their lands by the European fishermen and this drastically reduced their population. Philbrick talked about the relationship between the Pilgrims and the Wampanaoags. The Pilgrims were led by the belligerent military officer, Miles Standish while the Wampanaoags were led by the enigmatic and scheming Chief Massasoit. The Wampanaoags were

Health and Safety in Health and Social Care Case Study

Health and Safety in Health and Social Care Case Study Health and Safety in Health and Social Care Work place Acknowledgements In to the part of acknowledgement section of this assignment author can say that this paper is a compact study about the activities of health and social care center as well as their operations. In this paper author gave a brief discussion about the matters which are directly engaged to the health and social care service center. Hare author discussed about the various operative methods of the operations of health care center. Every date of this paper was collected from the web based journal, various articles, as well a health care related blogs. Into the second steps legislation parties play their role in health and social care center. In this stage of organizational structure parties of legislation basically makes the rules of the organization. Legislation parties basically deals with the code of conduct of the health and social care center. An organizational requirement means the required constitutions of the health and social care organization. Some basic requirements always are pr esent into the every organization. According to the requirements of the organization various needs and demands arise for the betterments of treatments facility of health and social care services. Care worker are the key parties which parties basically deals with the service providing related jobs. They are the parties in these steps who are responsible for providing the services to the patients. Support authority will be responsible to give better supportive requirements to operate the organizations in a proper manner. The basically responsible every kind of utility support as well as technological based support. The management committees of health and social care center firstly responsible for every kind of supervisor related task which are accomplished by the services worker who deliver the main service. Various legislative parties also play a direct vital role for delivering quality services as well. Effective mode of communication in this regard must be a important factor for th e betterment of quality services. Effective way of communication makes it easier to operate the service center with a specific manner. Proper utilization of utilities duties and responsibilities put the service quality into a good situation. Good quality service always be in the first priority in regards of the health and social service center as well. Contents (Jump to) Title Pagenumbers Introduction 4 Case Study-1 In health and social care organizations: review systems, policies and procedures used in communicating and maintain health and safety at work in accordance to legislative requirements. 5 From this case study 1 above; analyze health and safety priorities that are important to Mr W’s health and wellbeing. In relation, analyzer the impact of one aspect of health and safety policy on MR.W and health and safety practice 5 Draw your organizational chart using this as a guide; assess the responsibilities in a specific health and social care workplace for management of health and safety in relation to organizational structures 67 Using the case study 1 above, Produce a risk assessment based on your work and analyzer how information from these are used in identifying service-user’s needs and organizational decision-making. 8 Case Study-2 Using the above case study 2, Discuss how you would address this situation (i.e. the dilemma) in line with implementing systems and policies for health and safety issues and evaluate your own contribution to promote Health Safety of service-user. 9 Give examples of non-compliances around Health and Safety Policies in the home and analyse the effect in health and safety workplace. 10 Give examples of two Health and Safety policies, analyzer their effectiveness in promoting positive and healthy practice. Explain how the organizational policies and practices are supervised and reviewed. 10 References 11 Introduction: Health and social care services center always being a challenging sector. This sector must have to be dynamic as because service continuously getting more complex and dynamic as well in this sectors. In to the workplaces of health and social care services center better working environment plays a vital role in terms of delivering better quality services in to a specific manner. Working environment with poor or improper safety and security system always being a clumsy environment. People will always be de-motivated to work in such kind of working environment. As because of poor safety and security system employee and all staff will be more injured will be sicker. Because of this only reason small inconvenient will turn into a huge or big or dangerous consequences. As a result illness, low productivity, de-motivation these kinds of issues will arise into the work places. In this regard we can definitely say that safety legislations will very much indeed into the workplace as well as he alth and social care center. The management committees of health and social care center firstly responsible for every kind of supervisor related task which are accomplished by the services worker who deliver the main service. Various legislative parties also play a direct vital role for delivering quality services as well. Effective mode of communication in this regard must be a important factor for the betterment of quality services. Effective way of communication makes it easier to operate the service center with a specific manner. Proper utilization of utilities duties and responsibilities put the service quality into a good situation. Good quality service always be in the first priority in regards of the health and social service center as well. Case Study1 The review systems of policies and procedures used in communicating and maintain health and safety at work in accordance to legislative requirements in terms of health and social care organization: Health and social care service center always being a challenging organization. We said this challenging as because of it is the places where various patients continuously come for their treatment. Working environment with poor or improper safety and security system always being a clumsy environment. People will always be de-motivated to work in such kind of working environment. As because of poor safety and security system employee and all staff will be more injured will be sicker. Because of this only reason small inconvenient will turn into a huge or big or dangerous consequences. As a result illness, low productivity, de-motivation these kinds of issues will arise into the work places. In this regard we can definitely say that safety legislations will very much indeed into the workplace as well as health and social care center. Implementation of the legislation into the health and social care center knows no bounds. Requirements needed for example proper communication; various ris k assessments, effective responsibilities, proper legislative requirements as well as perfect utilization of technologies. Health and safety priorities that are important to Mr. W’s health and wellbeing. In relation, analyze the impact of one aspect of health and safety policy on MR.W and health and safety practice. According to the case study one he we can say that from all preferences health and safety priorities would be the more important in this situation of Mr. W. After reading the case study one we know that Mr. W leaves a lonely life. Every object around his leaving places are scattered. According to the wellbeing of Mr. W firstly steps should be taken to clean up the environment around him. We already know that he got a dog which always remains with him. A strategy that means a policy should be taken for the improvement of Mr. W healthier position. Health and social care authority can play important role in this regard. In case study one we can understand that Mr. W is in a poor condition with poor psychiatric illness. And also he leaves into the home with his dog only. In this regard his Psychiatric condition will be in a harmful condition. In this regard friendly and supportive attitude will be more effective. First of all Mr. W have to be understand that health and social care agents came here for the betterment of his health. Draw your organizational- chart using this as a guide-assess the responsibilities in a specific health and social care workplace for management- of health and safety in relation to organizational structures. Organizational Structure is an important part for every organization. A good and appropriate structure will be more effective for the betterment of service. In regards of health and social care service. A good organizational structure always plays a vital role for every organization. According to my own view the organizational chart of a health and social care are as follows Government first of all is always be an important part of health and social care service related center. Basically they are the key factors which always make the supportive conditions. Also Government played a direct role in terms of making the all kinds of key decision. Into the second steps legislation parties play their role in health and social care center. In this stage of organizational structure parties of legislation basically makes the rules of the organization. Legislation parties basically deals with the code of conduct of the health and social care center. An organizational requirement means the required constitutions of the health and social care organization. Some basic requirements always are present into the every organization. According to the requirements of the organization various needs and demands arise for the betterments of treatments facility of health and social care services. Care worker are the key parties which parties basically deals with the service providing related jobs. They are the parties in these steps who are responsible for providing the services to the patients. Support authority will be responsible to give better supportive requirements to operate the organizations in a proper manner. The basically responsible every kind of utility support as well as technological based support. Using the case study 1 above, Produce a risk evaluation based on your work and analyze how information from these are used in identifying service-user’s needs and secretarial administrative. According to the case study one risk evaluation methods and analyze the information based on the health and social care structure are as follows: Organization name: Home Care Center What are the hazards? might be harmed and how? What are you already doing? Do you need to do anything else to manage this risk? Action by whom? Action by when? Complete Where +How Psychiatric related Environmental Supportive legislative Improper evaluation of strategy and supervise Taking action from previous fault. With proper strategy Alternative Strategy of evaluation Legislative and supportive authority 01/10/2014 Supportive parties Nurses utility From the above chart here we try to show the demo of a action might be taken by the health and social care center. Case Study-2 Using the above case study 2, Discuss how you would address this situation in line with implementing systems and policies for health and safety issues and evaluate your own contribution to promote Health Safety of service-user. According to the situation of case study-2 we can understand the Mr. H attacked by severe diseases. He also wants to leave a independent life with a peaceful manner into his home. We already know that he also got a nurse for the treatment of his daily life as well. According to the statement of case study 2 Mr. H love to visit newspaper store in every morning to read his favorite newspaper as well but the matter for fact is mr. H doesn’t have any road awareness. In this situation nurse can play a vital role. As because of he don’t have any road awareness In this regard he need a supportive nurse to supervise or the support during the time of visiting the outside of home. Give examples of non-compliances around Health and Safety Policies in the home and analyze the effect in health and safety workplace. Non compliences issues some times arise in the heath and social care service center. A strategy that means a policy should be taken for the improvement of Mr. W healthier position. Health and social care authority can play important role in this regard. In case study one we can understand that Mr. W is in a poor condition with poor psychiatric illness. And also he leaves into the home with his dog only. In this regard his Psychiatric condition will be in a harmful condition. In this regard friendly and supportive attitude will be more effective. First of all Mr. W have to be understand that health and social care agents came here for the betterment of his health. A strategy that means a policy should be taken for the improvement of Mr. W healthier position. Health and social care authority can play important role in this regard. In case study one we can understand that Mr. W is in a poor condition with poor psychiatric illness. And also he leaves into the home with his dog only. In t his regard his Psychiatric condition will be in a harmful condition. In this regard friendly and supportive attitude will be more effective. First of all Mr. W have to be understand that health and social care agents came here for the betterment of his health. Non-compliance factors engaged directly or indirectly with the health and safety policy of home and residential cares center as well Give examples of two Health and Safety policies, analyze their effectiveness in promoting positive and healthy practice. Explain how the organizational policies and practices are supervised and reviewed. The policy and procedure must have to be more supervised and proper manner according to the health and social care center activities with a specific manner. Health and safety related factors would be more supervised as because of deliver proper treatment of patient’s healthier position Health and social care service center always being a challenging organization. We said this challenging as because of it is the places where various patients continuously come for their treatment. Working environment with poor or improper safety and security system always being a clumsy environment. People will always be de-motivated to work in such kind of working environment. As because of poor safety and security system employee and all staff will be more injured will be sicker. Because of this only reason small inconvenient will turn into a huge or big or dangerous consequences. As a result illness, low productivity, de-motivation these kinds of issues will arise into the work places. In thi s regard we can definitely say that safety legislations will very much indeed into the workplace as well as health and social care center. Implementation of the legislation into the health and social care center knows no bounds. Requirements needed for example proper communication; various risk assessments, effective responsibilities, proper legislative requirements as well as perfect utilization of technologies. References Websites Wikipedia https://barbradozier.wordpress.com Health service .com Books Watterson A (2003) Public Health in Practice; ISBN 0-333-94617-0 Paperback Health Promotion in Multicultural Populations- A Handbook for Practitioners and Students Second Edition Health and Safety Executive (2001) – health and Safety in Residential Care Homes (HSE Books) ISBN: 0717620824. Morath JM and Turnbull JE (2004) – to do no harm ensuring patients safety in health care organisations (Jossey Bass Wile ) ISBN: 078796770X. Sprenger (2003) – Health and Safety Management (Highfield) ISBN: 1871912040.

Birth Control Availibilty :: Contraceptives, Birth Control Essays

Some believe contraceptives should be available at cost to those who can afford them, available to legal adults who cannot, and/or available to students through public schools. Some religious traditions, based on their view of reproduction, oppose birth control availability for everyone. There are religious traditions that oppose women's autonomy, and as such, are especially opposed to contraceptives for women. Some who oppose sex outside of marriage believe that distribution of condoms in schools encourages adolescent sexual activity. Those who oppose abortion but not birth control often favor condom distribution to reduce pregnancies. The government is interested in preventing the spread of sexually-transmitted diseases and reducing the number of unwanted pregnancies and children who are wards of the state or supported by state funds. One reason that many students are not sexually active, is because of the lack of protection or the embarrassment of buying protection at a local dru g store. And while this would mean sex without protection to many young adults, there are a lot who would refrain from experimenting with sex because of not having protection. By putting a condom dispenser in high school bathrooms, this gives that percentage of teens nice, easy, and anonymous access to condoms. Thus possibly resulting in an increase of sexually active students. Why not leave condoms at the local drug stores, and make it as hard as possible to comfortably buy protection. The embarrassment alone, might keep a few teenagers from having sex.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not only would putting condom dispensers in high school allow anonymous purchasing of protection, but it might also promote sex to the crowd of people that should not even know what sex is. Imagine walking into the bathroom one morning and there against the back wall is a condom machine.

Ethics and Values in sport Essay

My name is Monique Stanley, I have been recently appointed Assistant Club Development Officer in the local Sports and leisure department. My role is varied and challenging with major focus on Ethics and Values in sport and the ever increasing role sports plays in many aspects of society. This includes; * Ensuring local sports clubs are aware of the need to be equitable and ‘child friendly’ * Helping clubs develop codes of practice that govern all members * Ensuring all clubs are aware of the principles, values and ethics associated with sport * Helping organisations access funding opportunities * Ensuring barriers to participation are reduced for all sedctors of society Sport plays an important role in the development of young people, it has been proven when sports and physical activities are included in Education. Children learn new skills in life, for example building confidence, accepting rules,making decisions, team working,communication skill,leadership,discipline and one I find important in sport ‘ Fair Play’. I could go on giving more skills sports develops, but i have just pointed out a few. Ethics in the sports environment is described as rules (i.e. Code of Conduct) that should be followed by all participants in sports. Ethics promote discipline and keep sporting environments fair and fun. Ethics give an equal opportunity for everyone. Values in sport is your involvement and belief that sport should be enjoyable and respectful. Respect is important in sport as you should always respect the rules, the officials,the other people participating and yourself. You should always treat others how you would like to be treated No matter what their Race, Disability, Gender, or Age. Ethics and Values are important because they rule out Right from Wrong. If your club has a strong commitment towards values and ethics in sport then it will become a bigger more enjoyable and comfortable enviroment for participants.This will interest more and more young people it will also bring the club more revenue for more sports facilities. So having stong commitment towards Ethics and Values pays off. The consequences of not giving sufficient attention to Ethics and Values can be a major disadvantage, as it can lead to young people leaving your club, your club will not be promoted well, therefore the club will lose out by money and participants, therefore the facilities will be poor and it could even result in the club being closed down. Ethics and Values are a part of the sporting world.

Ascorbic Acid Determination

Determination of Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) concentration in some of Commercial Products, by Redox Titration Mouhannad AL. -Hachamii Sadiq J. Baqir Saadon A. Aowda Fatima A. Hussein, Dep. of chemistry, college of science, Babylon University Muhammed K. Alasedi Ministry of Health Hilla city, Babylon Abstract The goal of this search is to determine the concentration of vitamin C (Ascorbic acid ) in some of a Commercial Products, Vegetables and Fruit Juices by Redox Titration.A redox titration, involving an Iodometric method, has been used to do the analysis.L-Ascorbic acid was first isolated as a pure substance by Albert Azent-Gyorgi and Charles Kingin 1928 [Paulling ,1970] , an anti-oxidant and free radical scavenger, is found ubiquitously in fruit and vegetables such as citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, limes, tangerines etc. ), melons, tomatoes, peppers, broccoli, green leafy vegetables such as spinach, potatoes and turnips, its quantitative determination is especially important in the production of wine, beer, milk, soft drinks and fruit juices, where it can be a quality indicator [Gerrior & Zizza,1994] .Given the essential role played in the human diet and necessary to growth and repair of tissues in all parts of human body . It is necessary to form collagen an important skin proteins ,scar tissue ,tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels. vitamin C is essential for the healing of wounds, and for the repair and maintenance of cartilage, bones and teeth [Mcevoy ,1993] . Since vitamin C is easily oxidized, storage and cooking in air leads to the eventual oxidation of vitamin C by oxygen in the atmosphere.In addition, ascorbic acid is water-solubility vitamin means that a significant amount of vitamin C present in a food can be lost by boiling and then discarding the cooking water [Mcevoy ,1993]. The formula for ascorbic acid is C6H8O6 , It occurs as a white or slightly yellow crystal or powder with a slight acidic test , Ascorbic Acid is freely soluble in water; spa ringly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in chloroform, ether, and benzene [Moffat,1986]. The structures for the reduced (ascorbic acid) form and for the oxidized form (dehydroascorbic acid) are shown below: [pic]The amount of ascorbic acid can be determined by a redox titration with a standardized solution of iodine. The iodine is reduced by the ascorbic acid to form iodide. As shown in the other half of this redox equation. [pic] The titration end point is reached when a slight excess of iodine is added to the ascorbic acid solution [Bailey ,1974;Brody,1994;Pauling ,1976;Kalluer,1986]. Vitamin C deficiency leads to scurvy, a disease characterized by weakness, small hemorrhages throughout the body that cause gums and skin to bleed, and loosening of the teeth. Vitamin C can not synthesized through body cells, nor does it store it.It is therefore important to include plenty of vitamin C-containing foods in daily diet. vitamin C toxicity is very rare, because the body can not store the vi tamin however ,amounts greater than 2000 mg/day are not recommended because such high doses can lead to stomach up set and diarrhea. The minimum daily requirement is 30 mg. Well-balanced diets provide adequate amounts of the vitamin as measured by the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) of about 75 mg per day for adults (aged 15 or older), less for children, and more for pregnant and lactating women.The National Academy of Sciences recommends the consumption of 60 mg of ascorbic acid per day. . the Federal Food and Drug Administration has adopted the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of 60 mg/day A very small daily intake of vitamin C (10-15 mg/day for an adult) is required to avoid deficiency and stave off scurvy. However, there has been, and continues to be, vigorous debate on what the optimum daily intake of vitamin C is. Some have argued that 200 mg/day is an optimal daily intake for adult humans.Others have suggested 1-2 g/day is best, this despite studies that show that the bl ood is saturated with vitamin C at 100 mg/day, and any excess is excreted in the urine [RDA,1995; RDA,1987; Browne. ,1993; FAO/WHO,2002; Levine et al. ,1999; Levine et al. ,1995;Teoh ,1975]. |Recommended daily dietary intake of vitamin C: | | |AUSTRALIA milligrams |U. S. A. illigrams | |Infants: |30 |35 | |Children: |30-50 |45 | |Adult men: |30 |60 | |Adult women: |30 |60 | |Pregnancy (2nd and 3rd |60 |80 | |trimesters) | | | |Lactation: |60 |100 | I2 is not standard solution ,so it may be standardized with thiosulphate solution . Experimental Procedure for determination of [Bailey ,1974; Brody, 1994; Pauling,1976; Kalluer,1986]. 1. Preparation of 0. 005 mol L? iodine solution: Accurately weight two gm of KI and 1. 3g of I2 , dissolved to aless amount of water , shake until dissolving .Transfer iodine solution to a 1L volumetric flask , making sure to rinse all traces of solution in to the volumetric flask using distilled water , completed the volume up to the mark. 2. Preparation o f 0. 5% starch indicator solution: Soluble starch (0. 25gm) to a 100 mL conical flask or beaker and 50 mL of distilled water was added . Solution heated with stirring at 79 0C for 5 minutes , careful must be taken not to exceed the stated temperature. Allow solution to cool to room temperature. 3. Preparation of food/drink sample: Industrial Packaged fruit juices {Orange , Pineapple, Lemon ,Tmrhend and Apple (Miso), Pepsi (khaleek kadha), Red grapes(Niktar), Seven up (Kufa), Pomegranate (Linda) , Tmrhend (Toti), Orange (Dalia), and Granules peach (Rani) } may also need to be strained through cheese cloth if it contains a lot of pulp or seeds. †¢For analysis of vitamin C powders ( Tanc lemon , Tanc orange and livans powders ) dissolved 1 gm in 100mL of distilled water (in a volumetric flask). †¢ For analysis of vitamin C tablets ( Kruger and joiure tablets), dissolved a single tablet in 200 mL of distilled water (in a volumetric flask). †¢ Juice squeezed from fresh fru it (Diala orange , Hilla orange, Egypt orange ,allalinki ,pomegranate and apple Juices ) should be strained through cheese cloth in order to remove seeds and pulp which may block pipettes. Juice squeezed from fresh vegetables ( Tomato ,Onion ,Celery ,Option ,Potato and Lettuce juices ) should be strained through cheese cloth in order to remove seeds and pulp which may block pipettes. †¢Sample of fruit or vegetable (100gm) blended in a food processor together with 50 mL of distilled water. After blending, strain the pulp through cheese cloth, washing it 0mL in a volumetric flask. 4. Aliquot of the sample (20 ml) solution prepared above transfrred into a 250 mL conical flask , about 150 mL of distilled water and 1 mL of starch indicator solution. 5. Sample were titrated with 0. 005 mol L? 1 iodine solution. The endpoint of the titration is identified as the first distinct trace of a dark blue-black colour due to the starch-iodine complex. 6.Titration were repeated with further al iquots of sample solution until concordant results (titres agreeing within 0. 1 mL) were obtained. Results and discussion:- In this research estimating vitamin C in industrial juices (Orange , Pineapple, Lemon, Tmrhend and Apple (Miso), Pepsi (khaleek kadha), Red grapes (Niktar), Seven up (Kufa), Pomegranate (Linda) , Tmrhend (Toti), Orange (Dalia), fruits (Dalia) and Granules peach (Rani)), Kruger and joiure tablets, and Tanc lemon , Tanc orange and livans powders, and natural juices for fresh fruits (Diala orange , Hilla orange, Egypt orange ,mandarin ,pomegranate and apple Juices ) and fresh vegetables ( Tomato , Onion Celery ,cucumber ,Potato and Lettuce juices). It was calibrated using redox way by iodine calibration using starch as indicator , iodine was an adequate oxidizer used for this purpose.Table (1) show the in industrial juices estimated concentration and the proportion of vitamin C. Table (1):The results were obtained below, represent the vitamin C content in some ind ustrial juice in quantity mg / 100 ml and percentage %. |Amount calculated |Industrial product name |Chain | |mg / 100 ml | | | |11. 9 |Orange (Miso) |1 | |49. 4 |pineapple(Miso) |2 | |15. 4 |lemon (Miso) |3 | |14. 2 |Tmrhend (Miso) |4 | |13 |Apple (Miso) |5 | |19 |Pepsi (khaleek kadha) |6 | |35. |Red grapes(Niktar) |7 | |25. 88 |Seven up (Kufa) |8 | |28 |Pomegranate (Linda) |9 | |25. 77 |Tmrhend (Toti) |10 | |19.. 995 |Orange (Dalia) |11 | |13. 33 |fruits (Dalia) |12 | |53. 2 |Granules peach (Rani) |13 | |13. 33 |lemon (Tanc) |14 | |6. 665 |orange (Tanc) |15 | |13.. 33 |orange (livas) |16 | |69.. 95 |vitamin C (Kruger tablets) |17 | |19.. 995 |Vitamins (joiure tablets) |18 | Scheme (1) . Vitamin C content in some industrial juice (mg/100ml) .The result in table (1) and scheme (1) showed the highest concentration of vitamin C in industrial juices found in granules peach juice where concentration is (53. 32) mg / 100 ml and lowest in orange juice (Miso),hitting (11. 49) mg /100 ml ,e ither powder Limon Tanc, the presence of vitamin C according to bulletin declared on the product is 100 %,but the results show that we have reached 89. 9 % and its concentration was (3. 33) mg/100 ml, where results appeared supposed to be the weight of vitamin C (667) mg of origin (45) mg ,results show that this weight (599. 85) mg of origin (45) mg . While orange Tanc powder result of vitamin C amount to 44. 6 % with the amount according to bulletin declared as the products of 100 %,where it should the weight of vitamin C (667) mg of origin (45) mg ,results show that this weight (299. 9) mg of origin (45) mg .Vitamin C tablets – type Krueger according to bulletin declared only that all (1) gm contains (45) mg of vitamin C, but the results we obtained the concentration is (69. 95) mg in (1) gm ,an increase of about (25) mg. Either vitamins fruits tablets – type junior according to bulletin declared only that all (1) gm contains (8. 8) mg of vitamin C but we have receiv ed is (19. 995) mg in (1) gm, an increase of more than double. Where the study showed that the Tmrhend juice (Miso) was vitamin C focus as the results we obtained (25. 7) mg/100 ml ,but according to the bulletin attached descent rate and quality (1. 68) mg/100) ml ,either alimonadah juice (Miso) was its focus as the results we obtained (15. 4)mg/100 ml, but according to the bulletin attached descent rate and quality (0. 1) mg/100 ml. comparing these results with a focus located on the packaging these juices, showing clearly that there was a difference in the percentage concentrated of company to company, And also because of industrial juices and wrong storage methods. The handling and preparation of food products adversely affect the quality of vitamin C in food. since it vulnerable to heat ,oxygen and acid, temperate and alkalinity mediums.With regards to the manufacture of juices, the keepers airtight containers made of sheet metal or glass do not cause the lose of what remains of vitamin C as a result of manufacturing processes only about 10 % while keeping cardboard containers, whether with paraffin layer or polyethylene, they lead to the loss of around 75 % of the past three weeks, even if keeping it in the fridge because these containers do not prevent the access of oxygen to juice and oxidize it, in addition to the work of the upper-packaged juice or occupied by air to oxidize the proportion of juice again, while the addition of carbon alkalinity of the damage vitamin juice damage entirely. Table (2) shows the estimated in natural juice concentration and the proportion of vitamin C .Table (2) :The results were obtained below, represent the vitamin C content in some natural juice in quantity mg / 100 ml . |Quantity Standard |Amount calculated |Natural juices name |Chain | |According to |mg / 100 ml | | | |international | | | | |standards | | | | |mg / 100 mg | | | | |42-50 |98. 64 |Diala orange |1 | |42-50 |107. 1 |Hilla orange |2 | |42-50 |73. 315 |Egyp t orange |3 | |37. |71. 4 |Mandarin |4 | |52. 8 – 72 |63 |pomegranate |5 | |6 |51. 5 |Apple |6 | |13. 6 – 17 |20. 6 |Tomato |7 | |50 |47. 6 |Onion |8 | |14 |22. 1 |Celery |9 | |27 |35. 7 |Cucumber |10 | |11 – 20 |47. 6 |Potato |11 | |75 |83. |Lettuce |12 | | | | | | Scheme (2) : Vitamin C content in some natural juices . In table (2) and scheme (2) the results showed the highest concentration of vitamin C found in orange juice, hitting (107. 1) mg /100ml of juice ,the lowest level was found in tomato juice, when it reached (20. 6)mg /100 ml of juice. Results showed also the presence of vitamin C concentration (107. 1) mg /100ml in naturally orange juice (Hilla),98. 64 mg / 100 ml (Diala) and 73. 315 mg / 100 ml (Egyptian) ,while the concentration of vitamin C in Hilla orange highest from Diala orange which highest more than the Egyptian orange.—– [pic] [pic]